Reduced relative clauses they are especially common in academic english when the pronoun. The natural sentence would be the people laid off are all over 60 remember in a reduced relative clause clause you have removed the pronoun and the auxiliary verb. Participle clauses exercise 1 perfect english grammar. Nondefining relative clauses defining relative clauses these describe the preceding noun in such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. Relative clauses are also called adjective clauses. Because fell is the main verb of 1, the reduced relative interpretation of raced is required for a coherent analysis of the complete sentence. Develop writing skills and practice using relative clauses accurately and appropriately thought an optional writing activity. Reduced relative clauses grammar presentation relative clauses with be can often be reduced to phrases. When creating a reduced relative clause, do not forget to omit both the relative pronoun and the verb be. Sometimes, its the meaning conveyed in the reduced relative clause that indicates the tense. We also use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing or situation lord thompson, who is 76, has just retired. Live worksheets english english as a second language esl relative clauses reduced relative clauses reduced relative clauses reduced relative clauses exercise adapted from life by national geographic. A reduced adjective clause begins with either a present participle or a past participle.
As you advance further in the academe, you may also have encountered a discussion about clauses, and those are the independent and dependent clauses. Page 1 of 4 participle phrases as reduced relative clauses. Relative clauses and contact clauses englischtipps. The adjective clause in a can be reduced to the adjective phrase in b. Identify these full clauses and indicate how they can be reduced. May 23, 2019 reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. I caught a ride with tony, whose car barely made it up the hill. Most of the clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun who. Unreduced forms of this relative clause would be this is the man that i saw. See below, in the first sentence the relative pronoun cannot be ommitted because it is the subject of the relative clause the woman spoke. Worksheets are relative clauses work, 1 of 4 participle phrases as reduced relative clauses, relative clauses work 1, relative clauses, relative clauses part i defining non defining, more practice reducing adverb clauses answer key, extra practice reductions, grammar relative clauses work answer key when. Reduced adjective clauses we reduce sentences when you have the same subject in the main clause and the adjective clause. Reducing relative clauses is difficult to understand. Learn english grammar online simple grammar explanations.
English esl relative clauses powerpoint presentations. Are the new clauses subject or object relative clauses. Reduced adverb clauses in english 2 using reduced adverb. Underline them and identify how they were formed see the example in the first sentence. A clause of this kind is essential to clear understanding of the noun.
English grammar reduced relative clauses esl activities. A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun what is the name of that boy who just walked in here the clause who just walked in is an example of a relative clause. Relative clause the expert who is giving tomorrows talk on millennials is very well known. This is usually referred to as a reduced relative clause and can only be applied to subject relative clauses not object relative clauses. In this kind of relative clause, we can use that instead of who or which. A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun. The manager who has been with the company for five years is leaving. Here the clause who just walked in is an example of a relative clause. My brother, who is an attorney, is going to bermuda on business next week. The reduced adjective clause becomes an adjective phrase, which does not have a subject. A participle can often be used instead of a relative pronoun and full verb.
You may remove the relative pronoun and reduce your sentence in. Reduced relative clauses academic english online mafiadoc. Reduced relative clauses often give rise toambiguity or garden path effects, and have been a common topicof psycholinguistic study, especially in the field of sentence processing. Posted on december 14, 2014 by mhardy3222 there are a few ways in which we can reduce relative clauses.
One way of condensing information is to use reduced relative clauses. The boy who whom that you dont like much wants to talk to you. This is a clause that generally modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is often introduced by a relative pronoun which, that, who, whom, whose. Adjective clauses contain relative pronouns like who, which, or that. We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking about. Grammatik relative clauses and contact clauses 3 exercise 4 fill in the correct relative pronoun who, which or whose. Johnson is happy, he got the highest grade on the test. Pdf relative clause reduction was analyzed in eighteen published technical research articles. Reduced relative clause a reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an overt complementizer such as that. Participle clauses exercise 2 perfect english grammar. Worksheets are relative clauses work, 1 of 4 participle phrases as reduced relative clauses, relative clauses work 1, relative clauses, relative clauses part i defining non defining, more practice reducing adverb clauses answer key, extra practice reductions, grammar relative.
It shows that the action is done to the subject, not by the subject. With this kind of relative clause, we use commas, to separate it from the rest of the sentence. A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun or complementizer such as who, which or that. Displaying all worksheets related to reduced relative clauses. The modifier with a full finite clause is changed to a modifier with a reduced nonfinite clause. The writing center using reduced relative clauses to. Now when we shorten the relative clause who sits next to peter, we get. More practice reducing adverb clauses change one of the. Reduced relative clause the expert giving tomorrows talk on millennials is very well known. Extra practice reductions reductions are shorter sentences with the same meaning.
This handout specifically addresses the reduction of relative clauses, an advanced grammatical structure commonly found in academic writing. Many students tend to overlook the basic criteria in using participle clauses. Esl grammar worksheets for reduced relative clauses free to download and use in the classroom. The girl who sits next to peter is my neighbors daughter. Bruce tulgan, a generation y expert, believes this is the result of the way they were raised. Active the boy who was waiting in the hall expected a phone call.
Review defining and nondefining relative clauses and look at reduced relative clauses and clauses using present participles instead of a relative clause. Relative clauses interactive and downloadable worksheet. The relative pronoun that, which, or who is omitted, and the verb, an active form sits, is sitting, sat, has sat, has been sitting is changed to the present participle form ing. Students usually confuse the omission of relative pronouns with reduced clauses. Live worksheets english english as a second language esl relative clauses relative clauses relative clauses fill in the blanks, complete. In nondefining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use that. Feb 03, 2012 a reduced relative clause, however, tells us something about a noun phrase in your example the people, not an action so having been wouldnt make a lot of sense here. Reduced relative clauses are created by changing the clause to a present or past participle phrase or by using adjectives. Reduce a subject relative clause by omitting the relative pronoun that, which, who and be. Relative clauses and adjective phrases truefalse the second sentence accurately describes information in the first sentence. Reduced relative clauses worksheets lesson worksheets. This is used in an active sense, that is the action in the participle phrase is one which the subject actively performs. Heres an exercise to fill in the blanks forming the participle clause with the information provided.
An example is the clause i saw in the english sentence this is the man i saw. The writing center using reduced relative clauses to write. Change one of the two sentences to an adverb clause to combine the two sentences. Review the rules on relative clauses and youll be able to do this as well. There are 7 kinds of reduced adjective clauses, as shown in the chart below. Put the relative pronoun in brackets if you can leave it out. We can use participle clauses after a noun in the same way as relative clauses. Reduced relative clauses refer to the shortening of a relative clause which modifies the subject of a sentence. My friends who were living in dorms had a very hard time. With this is mind, one type of a dependent clause or subordinate clause is an adverb or adverbial clause. People who are given a second chance should be more careful. Compare how a full clause can be changed to a reduced clause.
In addition to reduced clauses, there are also 4 full relative clauses. You can do the exercises online or download the worksheet as pdf. It takes lots of practice, so make sure to write down what you learn as you learn online. Well use the examples above to demonstrate how to reduce both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses. A relative clause is placed after the noun that it modifies. You may remove the relative pronoun and reduce your sentence in certain conditions.
Heres a worksheet on reduced relative clauses for you to check your students on reduced relative clauses. The two actions in the sentence must refer to the same subject, be they active. Intermediate combine the two sentences into one sentence, choosing the correct reduced adverb clause. Where the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, the relative pronouns and any accompanying auxiliary verb can be omitted. I met rebecca in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise. Reduced relative clauses replace the relative clause by a participle construction ing for active and ed for passive while keeping the rest of the sentence unchanged. Relative pronouns and relative clauses learnenglish. Some types of relative clauses can be reduced the relative pronoun and maybe other words can be removed.
Relative clauses should be used after the noun they define. Relative clauses introduction there are two types of relative clauses. Relative pronouns adjectiverelative clause examples. In a nutshell, the thesis we defend in this article is that the horse raced past the barn fell is ungrammatical because the event template meaning of the verb race places the horse in an event structure position that is incompatible with the construction meaning of the reduced relative clause. The girl sitting next to peter is my neighbors daughter. You might reduce the clause to make your writing more concise or to add sentence variety. Placing the subject at the beginning of the participle clause. The man who wants to talk to you is waiting for you.
More practice reducing adverb clauses change one of the two. The most obvious feature of this type of reduced clause is that the relative pronoun is left out and the verb following the noun always ends in ing. Relative clauses are complex sentences, and in the ielts examination writing complex sentences plays a very important role, and you also have the knowledge of using these complex sentences in the right places. Develop listening skills though an optional video leadin. The building that is across from robinson hall a is the fenwick library. Remember that the defining clause is not separated from the rest of the sentence by a commacommas. When the pronoun is an object, you cannot reduce clauses to phrases. Writing reduced relative clauses in academic writing, information tends to be presented in a condensed form. Also, explain why one of these 4 full clauses cannot be reduced. You may delete the relative pronoun and the be verb when. If you choose a wrong answer, youll see an explanation to help you learn from your mistake. Exercise about participle clauses reduced relative clauses.
In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object. Reduced relative clauses modify the subject and not the object of a sentence. Relative pronouns adjective relative clause examples. Having been trained for 2 years, he has become very skilful in the trade.
A relative clause connects ideas by using pronouns that relate to something previously mentioned and allows the writer to combine two independent clauses into one sentence. Defining clauses defining clauses specifydefine which personthinganimal is meant. Aug 24, 20 a relative clause is a type of subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun. Time adverb clause reductions change from adverb clause sv to an adverb phrase book page 374 rule. Reduced relative clauses relative clauses add additional information about a noun in a sentence.
Clausetophrase reduction is a process consisting of several steps. The building across from robinson hall a is the fenwick library. A collection of english esl relative clauses powerpoints for home learning, online practice, distance learning and english classes to teach about. When the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause, it cannot be omitted. The building that is across from robinson hall a is the fenwick library the building across from robinson hall a is the fenwick library the two sentences above have completely identical meaning, but the number of words to express the same idea is different. Johnson, who got the highest grade on the test, is happy. How to reduce clauses to phrases in english sentences. The following esl efl resources are available for reduced relative clauses grammar.
This practice will help you learn how to reduce an adjective clause to an adjective phrase. A reduced relative clause, however, tells us something about a noun phrase in your example the people, not an action so having been wouldnt make a lot of sense here. Pdf relative clause reduction in technical research articles. In the worksheet, students first need to decide whether the relative clause can be reduced or not, then make the necessary changes in the sentence to make it shorter. Another form of reduced relative clause is the reduced. Most of the clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun who, which, where, whose, when and that. Note, however, that you can only do this when the relative pronoun acts as a subject.